ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the relation between serum amyloid A-low density lipoprotein [SAA-LDL] and genotoxicity in smokers
Study Design: An experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from June 2014 to February 2015
Methodology: Seventy healthy Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from NIH and exposed to cigarette smoke in smoke chamber for three months. Blood samples were drawn from each rat at the end of the study period. SAA-LDL was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Genotoxicity was assessed by cytokinesis block micronucleus [CBMN] assay. Pearson correlation was used to find correlation between SAA-LDL and genotoxicity
Results: Strong positive correlation was found between SAA-LDL and micronuclei frequency in smoke-exposed rats [r=0.799, N=70, p <0.01]
Conclusion: Statistically significant strong positive correlation between SAA-LDL and genotoxicity in smoke-exposed rats shows that changes in one is associated with changes in other and vice versa
ABSTRACT
Background: Measles is highly contagious infectious disease and considered to be leading cause of death among young children. Although vaccination process of measles is well ascertained but still its associated morbidity and mortality is high among children of developing countries. This study was designed to see the level of measles IgG in children in District Bagh of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Methods: Measles IgG antibodies were screened in total of 250 school going children [4-8 years] in the District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir were enrolled. The subjects were grouped on age basis; Group A had children of 4-5 years, Group B comprised of children of 5-6 years, Group C contained children of 6-7 years and Group D had age 7-8 years. A The collected samples were transferred to the Molecular Virology Laboratories at National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad for detection of measles IgG antibodies. Measles antibodies were estimated by using kits for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay
Results: There were 10 [4%] children in Group A, 18 [7.2%] were in Group B, 42 [16.8%] were in Group C, and 180 [72%] children were in Group D. Out of 250 children 61 [24.4%] were detected as unprotected and 13 [5.2%] were at borderline and 176 [70.4%] had protective antibody level against the measles virus
Conclusion: Significant number of children is under potential risk to develop measles infection. No significant relation could be established between disease, age, and gender
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on interleukin-6 in Sprague Dawley rats. Study Design: Randomized controlled study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Army Medical College Rawalpindi, from Jan to Apr 2015
Material and Methods: Seventy healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups at National Institute of Health [NIH]. Group-I rats were not exposed while group-II rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months. Interleukin-6 [IL-6] was determined using commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] kit. Data was analyzed using t-test
Results: Higher levels of IL-6 were observed in exposed than in non-exposed. The mean of IL-6 levels of control and smoker groups was 40.84 +/- 9.09 and 49.48 +/- 19.69 respectively. The difference was statistically significant [p<0.05]
Conclusion: Positive association was found between cigarette smoking and IL-6. This shows that IL-6 may be used as a biochemical marker to assess inflammatory damage in smoke related diseases
ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the frequencies of adiponectin [ADIPOQ] C-11377G, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNP] and their association with serum levels in Pakistani T2DM and healthy population
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Army Medical College and Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan, from June 2012 till 2014
Methodology: cases [n=539] and controls [n=250] comprising of T2DM and healthy subjects, respectively, belonging to Pakistani Punjabi Rajput ethnicity were genotyped for SNPs. Serum adiponectin, TNF-alpha, insulin, blood sugar fasting [BSF], lipid profile, body mass index [BMI], and insulin resistance [IR] was determined and correlated with genotypes
Results: serum TNF-alpha was significantly higher and adiponectin was lower in T2DM than healthy controls [p < 0.003 and 0.0001, respectively, Mann-Whitney U-test]. The frequency of ADIPOQ CC, GC and GG was 340 [63.1%], 167 [31%] and 32 [5.9%] in T2DM patients. ADIPOQ -11377 SNP was not significantly associated with T2DM [OR = 1.116 [95% CI 0.81- 1.53], p = 0.27- Fisher's exact test]. Genotypes deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Minor alleles of TNF-alpha G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A were not found in either groups
Conclusion: frequency of ADIPOQ -11377 risk allele is low and does not functionally affect the serum adiponectin levels; hence, ADIPOQ C-11377G SNP is not a risk factor for T2DM in Pakistani Punjabi Rajput patients. Moreover, TNF-alpha G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A SNPs are not prevalent in this ethnic group
ABSTRACT
Objective: To find out whether Casein Kinase 2 [CK2] and Survivin co-express and correlate in prostate as well as in breast cancer
Study Design: A cross sectional analytical study
Place and Duration of Study: Study was done at Army Medical College and in collaboration with Armed Forces Institute of Pathology [AFIP]. The duration of this research was two years
Material and Methods: The research was authorized by the Ethical Committee of AFIP. CK2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin embedded tissues from established patients of prostate cancer [n=30] and breast adenocarcinoma [n=30]. Correlation of CK2 with Survivin was evaluated. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 20. For studying the correlation between the two proteins, pearson correlation coefficient was calculated. Data was considered at p-value
Results: An expressively strong and affirmative correlation was found among expression of total CK2 and total Survivin in invasive along with non-invasive cases of both prostate and breast cancers. A significantly strong and positive correlation was found between nuclear CK2 and Survivin expression in non-invasive cases of prostate cancer and invasive as well as non-invasive cases of breast cancer. A significantly strong and positive correlation was found only between cytoplasmic CK2 and Survivin expression in non-invasive cases of prostate cancer
Conclusion: CK2 and Survivin expressions have strong and positive correlation in both prostate and breast cancer particularly in non-invasive stage of the cancer
ABSTRACT
Organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B1 [OATP1B1] encoded by [SLCO1B1] gene, an uptake transporter involved in the transport of drugs and endogenous compounds and located in hepatocyte sinusoidal membrane. Objective of study was to investigate the effects of two functionally significant SNPs [388A>G and 521T>C] and their respective genotypes of SLCO1B1 gene encoding OATP1B1 on the pharmiacokinetics of atorvastatin. A total of 100 subjects divided into 6 groups as per their genotype profile were recruited. A single dose of 80mg atorvastatin was orally administered and plasma concentration measured up to 48 hours. The 388A>G and 521T>C genotypes were significantly associated with each other when compared for AUC and C[MAX] but exhibited no significant variations in T[MAX] and ti/[2]. 521 SNP is rather more strongly associated with altered pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin when compared with the 388 SNP, though the homozygous bi-allelic variant of 388 SNP also exhibited a fairly significant variation along with homozygous bi-allelic variant of 521 SNP. The inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetics can be explained by SLCO1B1 polymorphism
Subject(s)
Humans , Polymorphism, Genetic , Organic Anion Transporters , Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1 , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Objective: To study the effect of Magnesium supplementation on lipid profile [TC, HDL, LDL, TG, VLDL] and inflammatory markers [CRP s-VCAM 1] in thiazide administered rats
Study Design: Randomized control trial
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi from Feb 2010 to Feb 2011
Material and Methods: Ninety male Sprague Dawley rats, of age 90 to 120 days, divided into three groups: Control, Hydrochlorothiazide [HCTZ] administered control and Hydrochlorothiazide + Magnesium Oxide [HTCZ + Mg2+], administered experimental groups. Levels of inflammatory markers, Magnesium, lipid profile were measured in blood, after three weeks
Results: Mean values in control group were: Serum TG 104.39 mg/dl,TC151.86 mg/dl, HDL76.91 mg/dl, LDL 52.52 mg/dl, VLDL 19.78mg/dl, CRP 1784.27 mg/L, sVCAM-1 564.33ng/ml and serum Magnesium0.85mmol/l. Mean lipid profile values in HCTZ administered control group were Serum TG 150.04 mg/dl, TC 182.92 mg/dl, HDL 71.77 mg/dl, LDL 76.40 mg/dl,VLDL 32.56 mg/dl, CRP 2923.33 mg/L, sVCAM-1 2003.00 ng/ml and serum Magnesium 0.49 mmol/1. Mean lipid profile values in HCTZ + Magnesium administered experimental group were Serum TG 131.69 mg/dl,TC 157.60 mg/dl, HDL 73.55 mg/dl,LDL 58.2 mg/dl,VLDL 25.05mg/dl, CRP 2149.53 mg/L ,sVCAM-l 1516.60 ng/mland serum Magnesium 0.68mmol/l
Conclusion: Levels of sVCAM-1, CRP, TG, TC, LDL and VLDL are increased in HCTZ administered group, with negative correlation with serum magnesium levels. Levels of these parameters decreased in HTCZ + Mg2+ administered group, showing that magnesium supplementation helped in normalizing derangements [p<0.05]
ABSTRACT
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for incidence of coronary artery disease. Simvastatin is a synthetic lipid lowering drug and Nigella sativa seeds found helpful in controlling hyperlipidemia. The study performed to evaluate the efficacy of Nigella sativa in comparison to simvastatin to treat hyperlipidemia. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats fed on an ad libitum diet for 02 weeks, on cholesterol diet for 08 weeks. Then group II treated with simvastatin and group III with Nigella sativa for 06 weeks. Blood samples analyzed for serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C and serum ALT. The results evident that Nigella sativa [kalonji] and simvastatin showed significant improvement in the lipid profile of rats in respective groups after treatment. The p value <0.05 of group II and III documented that Nigella sativa [kalonji] affect the lipid profile in the same way as of simvastatin. However, ALT levels significantly raised in group II treated with simvastatin compared to group III. Nigella sativa and simvastatin showed comparable effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Nigella sativa showed protective role in terms of hepatic dysfunction and can be used as a cholesterol lowering agent
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Simvastatin , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Liver/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholesterol, LDL , Alanine TransaminaseABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the expression of STAT-1 [Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-1] in HCV patients non responder to interferon treatment
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at Army Medical College Rawalpindi from January to July, 2012
Patients and Methods: The study after approved by institute's ethics committee was conducted on 15 HCV infected patients who were non responder to interferon therapy and 5 controls responder to interferon therapy. Their age, sex, body mass index [BMI] and marital status was noted. PCR based detection of STAT-1 mRNA was carried out in blood of HCV infected patients resistant to interferon therapy as well as controls. Data was presented in the form of frequencies and percentages and p values were calculated using Fisher exact test and student t-test
Results: Results showed that more males were resistant to interferon therapy as compared to females. The mean age was less in responders as compared to non responders. Forty percent of the HCV infected patients non responder to interferon therapy were positive for STAT-1 expression
Conclusion: STAT-1 blood expression can predict treatment response in HCV patients undergoing interferon treatment
ABSTRACT
To assess HCV awareness level among medical students. Cross sectional descriptive study. The study was conducted at Army Medical College Rawalpindi from March to October 2012. A structured questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted including male and female medical students from 3rd and 4th year of both MBBS and BDS classes. The data was reported in the form of frequencies and percentages of correct answers and p value was calculated for the difference in level of correct answers regarding HCV routes of transmission, between male and female students using chi-square test. Survey showed that male students were more knowledgeable about HCV than females. Regarding possible transmission routes for HCV, it is evident that most of the students knew that main spreading cause is blood products, injection drug users and reuse of syringes as compared to other risks. Misconceptions observed are of significance especially at the level of health care providers as this can hinder their professional duties, interaction with the patient and treatment. Knowledge regarding HCV among medical students is inadequate and it can influence HCV prevalence, treatment and management in society
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Genetic information which is specific to an individual has the potential to improve Coronary Artery Disease [CAD] risk prediction. 13 CAD risk SNPs were selected by removing SNPs in loci which had not been identified in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D GWAS. Linkage disequilibrium patterns differ between ethnic groups pointing towards the need to investigate how the gene score would perform in different populations which is still largely unknown. Objective of the study was to investigate whether the 13 SNP CAD risk gene score has a role in the risk prediction of Pakistani Premature Coronary Artery Disease [CAD] cases and controls and to compare the CAD risk allele frequency between Pakistanis and Caucasians [samples obtained from the Northwick Park Heart Study II]
Study Design: Case control study
Setting: Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology [NUST] in collaboration with the Cardiovascular Genetics Institute, University College London, UK
Materials and Methods: Total of 650 subjects with a history of chest pain were selected by non-probability convenience sampling. Out of these subjects with > 70% stenosis in at least 1 coronary vessel on angiography were labelled as Premature coronary Artery disease [PCAD] cases [n=340]. The 13 SNPs were genotyped in a Pakistani case-control study [n=340 CAD cases, 310 controls] using KASPar and Taqman assays. The use of 13 SNP gene score was tested in the prospective Northwick Park Heart Study [NPHSII] of 2775 healthy UK men [284 cases] and the Pakistani case-control study subjects [n=650]
Results: Mean +/- SD age of CAD patients was 42.7 +/- 3.80yrs while in controls it was 39.0 +/- 7.8yrs. Complete genotyping was obtained for 635 samples [333 cases, 302 controls]. The mean 13 SNP gene score was significantly higher in cases compared to controls [p=0.044]. Odds ratio for CAD for each quintile of 13 SNPs gene score showed a trend for higher quintiles of gene score to have increased odds ratio for CAD [p-value for trend=0.01] especially after adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity. There was a significant difference in risk allele frequency between Pakistanis and Caucasians [NPHSII] for all CAD risk SNPs except rs599839 [SORT1] [p=0.08]
Conclusion: A 13 SNP gene score has significant potential role at differentiating between Pakistani PCAD cases and controls. Risk allele frequencies for CAD differ significantly between Pakistanis and Caucasians stressing the need to develop population specific gene score keeping in view the ethnic stratification
ABSTRACT
CK2 enzyme is up regulated in several cancers. It has many substrates including survivin which is up regulated in cancers
Objectives: to find out the correlation between expression of CK2alpha and survivin and evaluate it as a prospective prognostic marker in pathogenesis of the breast cancer and to find if positive correlation between CK2 and surviving was associated with advancing disease
Study Design: cross Sectional Analytical type of study
Setting: department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi
Duration of study: January 2013- December 2014
Methods: the research protocol was approved by Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Ethical Committee. Paraffin embedded tissue sections of diagnosed breast cancer, obtained from AFIP, were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine nuclear and cytoplasm expression of survivin, and CK2 .Scoring done by three histopathologists, independently
Results: total CK2 expression was high in invasive as compared to noninvasive cases [p =0.209]. Cytoplasm and nuclear localization of CK2 in invasive group was a little higher too [p = 0.092] and [p=0.286] respectively. Total survivin expression was high in invasive as compared to non-invasive cases [p= 0.449]. Cytoplasm and nuclear localization of survivin in invasive group was higher as compared to noninvasive group with no significant different [p=0.472] and [p=0.367] respectively. A positive and strong correlation was found in CK2 and survivin expression and localization in both non-invasive as well as invasive groups
Conclusion: CK2 and survivin correlation in cancers can be used in predicting the cancer phenotype and aggression at early stages
ABSTRACT
Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant existing in two enantiomeric forms S- and R-warfarin. Many techniques have been used to analyze warfarin in plasma but less frequently for enantiomeric analysis. One of the HPLC method employed was further simplified and made economical. Method was validated according to ICH guidelines and was found to be sensitive, reliable and less time consuming. For both enantiomers, LLOQ was 12.5ng/mL. The CV% and accuracy for method were in the range of 0.8-14.6% and 92-107% respectively. The recoveries for both enantiomers were in the range of 86-103.8%. Blood samples were collected from 170 stable patients taking warfarin and S- and R-warfarin levels were determined by this method. Majority of subjects were found to have S/R-warfarin ratio of about 1:2 as reported in previous studies due to rapid clearance of S-enantiomer than R-enantiomer. However individual subjects data was suggestive of presence of slow metabolizers of S-warfarin leading to altered S/R ratio. Previous studies have also pointed out CYP2C9 polymorphism being responsible for such inter-individual differences in S-warfarin metabolism. So plasma warfarin S/R ratio may serve as a useful phenotypic test for CYP2C9 polymorphism
ABSTRACT
To determine the frequency of different disorders requiring warfarin therapy and to see the target INR and warfarin dose requirement in Pakistani population. Descriptive study. The study was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology [AFIC] Rawalpindi, Military Hospital Rawalpindi and National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases [NICVD], Karachi, Pakistan from October 2010 to March 2012. Stable patients taking warfarin therapy were recruited after detailed medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests. The demographic and clinical data of individuals were entered in a pre-structured proforma. Patients suffering from hepatic and renal disease, any co-morbid disease or taking any concurrent medication or diet which would have affected warfarin therapy, were excluded. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. A total of 607 stable patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria, participated in the study. There were 297 [48.9%] male and 310 [51.1%] female patients. The mean age was 37.93 +/- 12.23 years [range 18-65 years]. The most common indication for warfarin therapy was valvular heart diseases [93.4%] followed by atrial fibrillation [2.3%] whereas other indications for warfarin use are less commonly seen in our study population. Patients had mean international normalized ratio [INR] value of 2.3 +/- 0.8 [range 1.5-3.5]. Mean daily dose of warfarin calculated in 607 patients was 5.62 +/- 1.98 mg with the range of 0.36-15 mg whereas mean weekly dose was 39.36 +/- 13.8 mg with the range of 2.5-105 mg. In Pakistani population the most common indications for warfarin use are valvular heart diseases followed by atrial fibrillation. The mean INR values were within recommended range of 2-3. The mean daily dose observed in long-term therapy is comparable to the empirical dose of 5 mg routinely started in clinical practice
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To evaluate protective effect of ascorbic acid on liver parameters in mice exposed to Cypermethrin. Laboratory based randomized control trial. Research was conducted in Army Medical College's biochemistry and molecular biology department in association with department of pathology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan from 19 May 2013 to 17 June 2013. Thirty albino mice of Balb/C strain weighing 40-45 g were randomly divided into three groups. Each group comprised 10 mice. Control group A which received normal diet. Cypermethrin experimental group B received Cypermethrin with normal diet experimental group C which received Cypermethrin and vitamin C with normal diet. This process continued for 28 days. After this duration serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and serum aspartate aminotransferase [AST] values were determined. Serum ALT and AST levels were significantly increased in group B as compared to group A [p < 0.001]. ALT levels of group A and group C were insignificant [p = 0.473]. AST levels of group A and C were significantly different [p < 0.01]. Ascorbic acid can protect liver from Cypermethrin induced oxidative stress in mice
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To determine the effects of olive-pomace oil on glycemic status and lipid profile in diabetes. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Department of Biochemistry, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with Centre for Research in Experimental and Applied Medicine, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad from March 2010 to June 2011. Seventy male albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were randomly divided into two groups of 35 rats, each. Rats were rendered diabetic by injecting streptozotocin. Group 1 and group 2 were given normal rodent diet and olive pomace oil supplemented diet respectively for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were measured for comparison. There was significant increase in high density lipoprotein and significant decrease of blood glucose, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein of group II rats when compared with group I [control]. Olive pomace oil can significantly improve fasting blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats
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To find out serum electrolytes and blood pressure in Pakistani females, using oral and injectable contraceptives. This descriptive study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi and various family planning clinics of Rawalpindi and Wah from June 2002 to June 2003. Using convenient sampling technique, ninety women were included in the study. They were divided into three groups: Group A [Oral contraceptive users [n=30]]; group B [Injectable users [n=30]], both using contraceptives for more than 1 year; and Group C [Controls [n=30]], not using any form of contraceptives. Blood pressure was recorded. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for serum electrolytes. One way anova was used at 95% of confidence interval for comparing the data of various groups and p<0.05 was taken as significant. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between variables. Systolic blood pressure shows a significant difference in both groups A and B as compared to control [p < 0.05] but diastolic blood pressure was higher in injectable users only [p < 0.05] and group A was higher than group C but difference was not significant. Serum potassium was less in group A and B as compared to control but the difference was significant in group B [p<0.01] while in group A was non-significant [p>0.05]. Serum sodium shows higher level in group A and B than control but the difference was statistically not significant In hormonal contraceptive users there are significant changes in blood pressure and electrolytes except serum sodium.
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To study and compare the effects of fructose and galactose on, blood glucose, insulin, HbA[1c] and lipids and anthropometric measurements. Ninety, healthy adult male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain. Experimental study. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, A.M.C, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with N.I.H, Islamabad. Twelve months. Rats weighing 180-350 grams were selected by random sampling and were divided into three groups, 30 each. Group I was given standard diet, Group II was given high fructose diet [HFD], i.e., 1.5gms/Kg body weight/day of fructose, along with standard diet for two weeks and Group III was given high galactose diet, i.e., 0.83gms/Kg body weight/day, along with standard diet for two weeks. There was a significant increase in height of galactose group while fructose group has significant weight loss; BMI decreased in both but more in former. The blood levels of cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, TG, and insulin were significantly higher in fructose group than in galactose group. There was no significant difference between blood glucose and HbA[1c] among these groups yet their higher levels indicate the chances of developing insulin resistance. Fructose due to its less hyperglycaemic effects should not be used in diet and must not be prescribed in diabetes, as in the long run it can lead to obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Non-significant effects of galactose on above parameters [except lipoproteins], does not mean that it can be used as an alternative to fructose and this area needs exploration
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the BRCA1 gene for mutations in patients with breast and ovarian cancer belonging to different ethnic groups of the Pakistan with the aim to spot out recurrent founder mutations
Study Design: Descriptive study
Place And Duration: This study was conducted over a period of two years at the Centre for Research in Applied and Experimental Medicine, National University of Science and Technology [MUST], Rawalpindi
Methodology: In this study mutational analysis of 4 major exons of BRCA1 gene was performed in 40 diagnosed cases of female breast and ovarian cancer belonging to various ethnic backgrounds. The genomic DMA was isolated from the blood samples. Primers of BRCA1 gene were designed and used for amplification of the region of interest. Results were recorded on BIORAD Gel Documentation System. Sequencing of the gene for variants was done using Automated DMA Sequencer. Interpretation of chromatograms was done using Bioinformatics software
Results: The study group comprised of familial cases of breast and ovarian cancer with diverse ethnic composition that included Punjabis n=40 [40%], Kashmiris n=20 [20%] and Pathans n=20 [20%], Balouchis n=10 [10%] and Muhajirs n=10 [10%]. PCR amplified DMA from the samples revealed bands having both high quality and quantity of DMA. After extensively embarking on all four exons no functional sequence variant was detected in these chosen exons
Conclusion: Our results suggest the involvement of other coding sequences of this gene apart from those assessed in our study group. This emphasizes the need for assessing the complete BRCA1 gene in all ethnic groups located in Pakistani territory
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is accompanied with drastic hormonal and metabolic alterations. In uncontrolled diabetes, these disturbances worsen the condition leading to development of life threatening complications. Present study was planned to compare hormonal and metabolic disturbances in controlled and uncontrolled type 1 diabetes [T1D]. This retrospective, analytical case control study was carried out from Jan 2004 to July 2007. Sample size was 60, divided into 3 groups: Non-diabetic control [group A], controlled T1D [group B] and uncontrolled T1D [group C]. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetics when compared with control group, presented with significant hyperglycaemia [p<0.001], hypoinsulinemia [p<0.001], hyperglucagonemia [p<0.01], raised BMI [p<0.05], hyponatremia [p<0.01], hyperkalemia [p<0.01], acidemia [p<0.05], high arterial Pco2 [p<0.05], low plasma HCO3 - [p<0.05], raised plasma triglyceride, LDL Cholesterol and total cholesterol level [p<0.01] but low HDL cholesterol [p<0.05]. On similar comparison controlled type 1 diabetics showed significant hyperglycaemia [p<0.001] and hypoinsulinemia [p<0.05]. Regular assessment, monitoring and control of T1D has positive impact in preventing development of diabetic dyslipidemia and other hormonal and metabolic derangements which, if left uncontrolled can lead to life threatening diabetic complications